Madagascar

Continent: Africa
Climates: Tropical, Subtropical

Perciformes - Perches

Potato grouper (Epinephelus tukula)

Blue-and-yellow grouper (Epinephelus flavocaeruleus)

Indian Ocean oriental sweetlips (Plectorhinchus vittatus)

Spotted soapfish (Pogonoperca punctata)

Goldenstriped soapfish (Grammistes sexlineatus)

Slender grouper (Anyperodon leucogrammicus)

Goldribbon soapfish (Aulacocephalus temminckii)

Two-spot red snapper (Lutjanus bohar)

Emperor red snapper (Lutjanus sebae)

Harry hotlips (Plectorhinchus gibbosus)

Orange-striped emperor (Lethrinus obsoletus)

Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix)

Yellowbanded sweetlips (Plectorhinchus lineatus)

Roving coral grouper (Plectropomus pessuliferus)

Midnight snapper (Macolor macularis)

Blackspotted rubberlip (Plectorhinchus gaterinus)

Masked grouper (Gracila albomarginata)

Black and white snapper (Macolor niger)

Lemonfish (Plectorhinchus flavomaculatus)

One-blotch grouper (Epinephelus melanostigma)

One-spot snapper (Lutjanus monostigma)

Longface emperor (Lethrinus olivaceus)

Blackspot snapper (Lutjanus ehrenbergii)

Two-striped sweetlips (Plectorhinchus albovittatus)

Painted sweetlip (Plectorhinchus picus)

Bowtie damselfish (Neoglyphidodon melas)

Blacktail snapper (Lutjanus fulvus)

Smallspotted grunter (Pomadasys commersonnii)

Yellow-edged lyretail (Variola louti)

Epaulet grouper (Epinephelus stoliczkae)

Dory snapper (Lutjanus fulviflamma)

One-spot damselfish (Chrysiptera unimaculata)

Humpback red snapper (Lutjanus gibbus)

Peacock hind (Cephalopholis argus)

Russell's snapper (Lutjanus russellii)

Comet grouper (Epinephelus morrhua)

Creole damsel (Pomacentrus agassizii)

Blubberlip snapper (Lutjanus rivulatus)

Common bluestripe snapper (Lutjanus kasmira)

Dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus)

Spangled emperor (Lethrinus nebulosus)

Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus)

Coral hind (Cephalopholis miniata)

Giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus)

Honeycomb grouper (Epinephelus merra)

Blacktip grouper (Epinephelus fasciatus)

Centrarchiformes - Basses and sunfishes

Coral hawkfish (Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus)

Spotted hawkfish (Cirrhitichthys aprinus)

Dwarf hawkfish (Cirrhitichthys falco)

Galjoen (Dichistius capensis)

Bermuda sea chub (Kyphosus sectatrix)

Brassy chub (Kyphosus vaigiensis)

Longnose hawkfish (Oxycirrhites typus)

Blackside hawkfish (Paracirrhites forsteri)

Arc-eye hawkfish (Paracirrhites arcatus)

Gadiformes - Cods

Abyssal grenadier (Coryphaenoides armatus)

Spariformes - Breams and porgies

Black-streaked monocle bream (Scolopsis taeniata)

Twobar seabream (Acanthopagrus bifasciatus)

Red Sea seabream (Diplodus noct)

Oman seabream (Diplodus omanensis)

South African zebra seabream (Diplodus hottentotus)

Goldlined seabream (Rhabdosargus sarba)

Carangiformes - Jacks

Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

Indo-Pacific sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus)

Blue marlin (Makaira nigricans)

Shortbill spearfish (Tetrapturus angustirostris)

Black jack (Caranx lugubris)

Swordfish (Xiphias gladius)

Rainbow runner (Elagatis bipinnulata)

Bluefin trevally (Caranx melampygus)

Giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis)

Greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili)

Bigeye trevally (Caranx sexfasciatus)

Golden trevally (Gnathanodon speciosus)

Common dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus)

Torpedo scad (Megalaspis cordyla)

Orange-spotted trevally (Carangoides bajad)

Striped marlin (Kajikia audax)

Yellowtail amberjack (Seriola lalandi)

Longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana)

Leerfish (Lichia amia)

Beloniformes - Needlefishes

Flat needlefish (Ablennes hians)

Hound needlefish (Tylosurus crocodilus)

Anguilliformes - Eels and morays

Laced moray (Gymnothorax favagineus)

Fimbriated moray (Gymnothorax fimbriatus)

Geometric moray (Gymnothorax griseus)

Giant moray (Gymnothorax javanicus)

Turkey moray (Gymnothorax meleagris)

Yellowmouth moray (Gymnothorax nudivomer)

Giant mottled eel (Anguilla marmorata)

Zebra moray (Gymnomuraena zebra)

African longfin eel (Anguilla mossambica)

Indian mottled eel (Anguilla bengalensis)

Indonesian shortfin eel (Anguilla bicolor)

Gymnothorax undulatus (Gymnothorax undulatus)

Starry moray (Echidna nebulosa)

Napoleon snake eel (Ophichthus bonaparti)

Scorpaeniformes - Mail-cheeked fishes

Tentacled flathead (Papilloculiceps longiceps)

Devil firefish (Pterois miles)

Bartail flathead (Platycephalus indicus)

Wispy waspfish (Paracentropogon longispinis)

Streaked gurnard (Chelidonichthys lastoviza)

Bearded scorpionfish (Scorpaenopsis barbata)

Spotfin lionfish (Pterois antennata)

Red lionfish (Pterois volitans)

African lionfish (Pterois mombasae)

Red sea lionfish (Pterois cincta)

Acanthuriformes - Surgeonfishes

Banded sergeant (Abudefduf septemfasciatus)

Elongate surgeonfish (Acanthurus mata)

Powderblue surgeonfish (Acanthurus leucosternon)

Convict surgeonfish (Acanthurus triostegus)

Copperband butterflyfish (Chelmon rostratus)

Canary drum (Umbrina canariensis)

Yellowfin surgeonfish (Acanthurus xanthopterus)

Japanese meagre (Argyrosomus japonicus)

Redtail butterflyfish (Chaetodon collare)

Sohal surgeonfish (Acanthurus sohal)

Short-nosed unicornfish (Naso brevirostris)

Bluespine unicornfish (Naso unicornis)

Whitemargin unicornfish (Naso annulatus)

Pacific double-saddle butterflyfish (Chaetodon ulietensis)

Threespot angelfish (Apolemichthys trimaculatus)

Yellowtail angelfish (Apolemichthys xanthurus)

Goldtail angelfish (Pomacanthus chrysurus)

Scissortail sergeant (Abudefduf sexfasciatus)

Bluering angelfish (Pomacanthus annularis)

Regal angelfish (Pygoplites diacanthus)

Blackspot sergeant (Abudefduf sordidus)

Bicolor angelfish (Centropyge bicolor)

Semicircled angelfish (Pomacanthus semicirculatus)

Emperor angelfish (Pomacanthus imperator)

Yellowbar angelfish (Pomacanthus maculosus)

Arabian angelfish (Pomacanthus asfur)

Brown-spotted spinefoot (Siganus stellatus)

False-eye sergeant (Abudefduf sparoides)

Old woman angelfish (Pomacanthus rhomboides)

Yellowtail sergeant (Abudefduf notatus)

Dusky spinefoot (Siganus luridus)

Indo-Pacific sergeant (Abudefduf vaigiensis)

Blackwedged butterflyfish (Chaetodon falcula)

Threadfin butterflyfish (Chaetodon auriga)

Lined surgeonfish (Acanthurus lineatus)

Scombriformes - Mackerels

Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri)

Dogtooth tuna (Gymnosarda unicolor)

Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus)

Atlantic Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus)

Albacore (Thunnus alalunga)

Narrow-barred spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson)

Silver scabbardfish (Lepidopus caudatus)

Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares)

Labriformes - Wrasses

Barred thicklip (Hemigymnus fasciatus)

Blackeye thicklip wrasse (Hemigymnus melapterus)

Lyretail hogfish (Bodianus anthioides)

Yellowbreasted wrasse (Anampses twistii)

Palebar hogfish (Bodianus atrolumbus)

Mental wrasse (Oxycheilinus mentalis)

Clown wrasse (Coris aygula)

Cheeklined wrasse (Oxycheilinus digramma)

Queen coris (Coris formosa)

Spottail coris (Coris caudimacula)

Daisy parrotfish (Chlorurus sordidus)

African wrasse (Coris cuvieri)

Broomtail wrasse (Cheilinus lunulatus)

Diana’s hogfish (Bodianus diana)

Axilspot hogfish (Bodianus axillaris)

Batu coris (Coris batuensis)

Humphead wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus)

Rusty parrotfish (Scarus ferrugineus)

Abudjubbe wrasse (Cheilinus abudjubbe)

Redbreasted wrasse (Cheilinus fasciatus)

Peacock wrasse (Iniistius pavo)

Fivefinger razorfish (Iniistius pentadactylus)

Klunzinger’s wrasse (Thalassoma rueppellii)

Lined hogfish (Bodianus leucosticticus)

Sling-jaw wrasse (Epibulus insidiator)

Dusky wrasse (Halichoeres marginatus)

Zigzag wrasse (Halichoeres scapularis)

Green humphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum)

Checkerboard wrasse (Halichoeres hortulanus)

Blue-spotted wrasse (Anampses caeruleopunctatus)

Red Sea thicklip wrasse (Hemigymnus sexfasciatus)

Tetraodontiformes - Puffers and filefishes

Broom filefish (Amanses scopas)

Ocean sunfish (Mola mola)

Bluetail trunkfish (Ostracion cyanurus)

Valentin’s sharpnose puffer (Canthigaster valentini)

Black triggerfish (Melichthys niger)

White-banded triggerfish (Rhinecanthus aculeatus)

Long-spine porcupinefish (Diodon holocanthus)

Clown triggerfish (Balistoides conspicillum)

Spot-fin porcupinefish (Diodon hystrix)

Orange-lined triggerfish (Balistapus undulatus)

Titan triggerfish (Balistoides viridescens)

White-spotted puffer (Arothron hispidus)

Stellate puffer (Arothron stellatus)

Scrawled filefish (Aluterus scriptus)

Pinktail triggerfish (Melichthys vidua)

Blackbelly triggerfish (Rhinecanthus verrucosus)

Mugiliformes - Mullets

South African mullet (Chelon richardsonii)

Flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus)

Elopiformes - Tarpons and tenpounders

Indo-Pacific tarpon (Megalops cyprinoides)

Istiophoriformes - Barracudas

Yellowtail barracuda (Sphyraena flavicauda)

Great barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda)

Mulliformes - Goatfishes

Gold-saddle goatfish (Parupeneus cyclostomus)

Dash-and-dot goatfish (Parupeneus barberinus)

Yellowstripe goatfish (Mulloidichthys flavolineatus)

Clupeiformes - Herrings

Pacific Sardine (Sardinops sagax)

Blenniiformes - Blennies

Molly miller (Scartella cristata)

Ringneck blenny (Parablennius pilicornis)

Rippled rockskipper (Istiblennius edentulus)

Trachiniformes - Weeverfishes

Speckled sandperch (Parapercis hexophtalma)

Pleuronectiformes - Flatfishes

Peacock flounder (Bothus mancus)

Leopard flounder (Bothus pantherinus)

Gobiiformes - Gobies

Dusky frillgoby (Bathygobius fuscus)

Arabian goby (Cryptocentroides arabicus)

Atlantic mudskipper (Periophthalmus barbarus)

Orange-spotted sleeper-goby (Valenciennea puellaris)

Blueband goby (Valenciennea strigata)

Ninebar prawn-goby (Cryptocentrus cryptocentrus)

Aulopiformes - Grinners

Variegated lizardfish (Synodus variegatus)

Gracile lizardfish (Saurida gracilis)

Holocentriformes - Squirrelfishes

Sabre squirrelfish (Sargocentron spiniferum)

Redcoat (Sargocentron rubrum)

Silverspot squirrelfish (Sargocentron caudimaculatum)

Beryciformes - Sawbellies

Alfonsino (Beryx decadactylus)

Acropomatiformes - Oceanic basses

Atlantic wreckfish (Polyprion americanus)

Lampriformes - Lamprids

Blackflash ribbonfish (Trachipterus jacksonensis)

Mediterranean dealfish (Trachipterus trachypterus)

Giant oarfish (Regalecus glesne)

Kurtiformes - Nurseryfishes & Cardinalfishes

Large-toothed cardinalfish (Cheilodipterus macrodon)

Five-lined cardinalfish (Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus)

Lophiiformes - Anglerfishes

Warty frogfish (Antennarius maculatus)

Painted frogfish (Antennarius pictus)

Striated frogfish (Antennarius striatus)

Syngnathiformes - Pipefishes and Seahorses

Network pipefish (Corythoichthys flavofasciatus)

Ringed pipefish (Dunckerocampus dactyliophorus)

Bluespotted cornetfish (Fistularia commersonii)

Greater pipefish (Syngnathus acus)

Carcharhiniformes - Ground sharks

Blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus)

Blacktail reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos)

Smooth hammerhead (Sphyrna zygaena)

Striped catshark (Poroderma africanum)

Leopard catshark (Poroderma pantherinum)

Starspotted smooth-hound (Mustelus manazo)

Bull Shark (Carcharhinus leucas)

Silvertip shark (Carcharhinus albimarginatus)

Milk shark (Rhizoprionodon acutus)

Galapagos shark (Carcharhinus galapagensis)

Silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis)

Great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran)

Whitetip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus)

Lamniformes - Mackerel sharks

Thresher (Alopias vulpinus)

Bigeye thresher (Alopias superciliosus)

Great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias)

Sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus)

Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus)

Smalltooth sand tiger (Odontaspis ferox)

Orectolobiformes - Carpet shark

Zebra shark (Stegostoma tigrinum)

Whale shark (Rhincodon typus)

Squaliformes - Sleeper and dogfish sharks

Spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias)

Gonorynchiformes - Milkfishes

Milkfish (Chanos chanos)

Beaked salmon (Gonorynchus gonorynchus)

Myliobatiformes - Stingrays

Cowtail stingray (Pastinachus sephen)

Common eagle ray (Myliobatis aquila)

Blue-spotted stingray (Neotrygon kuhlii)

Plavopega trakorepa raža (Taeniura lymma)

Round ribbontail ray (Taeniurops meyeni)

Giant manta ray (Mobula birostris)

Reef manta ray (Mobula alfredi)

Ophidiiformes - Cusk-eels

Brunswig's Cusk-eel (Lamprogrammus brunswigi)

Rhinopristiformes - Shovelnose rays

Giant guitarfish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis)

Notacanthiformes - Spiny eels

Snub-nosed spiny eel (Notacanthus chemnitzii)

Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country lying off the southeastern coast of Africa. It is the world’s fourth largest island, the second-largest island country and the 46th largest country in the world. Its capital and largest city is Antananarivo.

Madagascar consists of an eponymous main island and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from Africa during the Early Jurassic, around 180 million years ago, and split from the Indian subcontinent around 90 million years ago, allowing native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation; consequently, it is a biodiversity hotspot and one of the world’s 17 megadiverse countries, with over 90% of wildlife being endemic.

The island has a subtropical to tropical maritime climate.

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